Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism Free Essays

Struggle between liberal and conservative tendencies is, perhaps, the key element for understanding the political life of the west in the last three centuries. So, in order to understand this struggle one needs to understand what are the core ideas of liberalism and conservatism. This paper aims to investigate some of the most prominent example of liberal and conservative political thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first basic ideas of liberalism have been explained by John Locke, who explained that â€Å"Adam had not, either by natural right of fatherhood, or by positive donation from God, any such authority over his children, or dominion over the world, as is pretended† (1. 84). Later the state of natural freedom has been replaced by different forms of unjust oppression, and freedom can be restored only by agreement of free individuals making a civil society.   In the world of monarchism this idea sounded revolutionary, but was still far from practical application. Liberal concepts gained much popularity between the Founding Fathers of the United States, as well as later American publicists. Among others they have been explained and practically developed in the Federalist Papers. For example in Paper 51 James Madison investigated the system of checks and balances as a foundation for independent and responsible state power and a guarantee of reservation of liberty and against usurpation. The source of power for Madison is not God or king, for â€Å"the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another† (1. 118). However, liberalism concerns not only the formation of political power, but relations inside the society as well. British philosopher Thomas Hill Green in 1861 wrote about â€Å"the liberation of the powers of all men equally for contributions to a common good† (1.132). And so paradoxically liberalism restricts some forms of civil transaction such as trade of slaves or, for example, those, which jeopardize public health. Liberalism is understood as general state of freedom in the society, which is limited only by freedom of the others and the function of the state in such society is only to protect freedom and never exercise more power, than needed for the interests of liberal society. In contrast to liberalism, conservative ideas gained more popularity in the XIX century and were a sort of reaction to the spread of revolutionary ideas, especially after American and French revolutions, therefore, they have been aimed to limitation of liberalism. As explained by Michael Oakeshott, â€Å"adults who do not consider themselves under any obligation to justify their preferences for making their own choices; and that it is beyond human experience to suppose that those who rule are endowed with a superior wisdom† (1.193). Humans are week, and too much freedom is likely to corrupt the power and ruin the society. Oakeshott’s example is brutal but very persuasive: â€Å"we tolerate monomaniacs, it is our habit to do so; but why should we be ruled by them?† (1.194) Conservatism can be helpful at unstable times and conservative methods of rule like cutting tax rates in order to stimulate steady economic growth or taking control of the media may sometimes serve the public good. Liberalism and conservatism are therefore the two opposite political foundations, neither of which can be obviously preferred of disfavored. The application of liberal and conservative ideas is not a matter of principle, but a matter of current situation. Works Cited: 1. Nancy S. Love. And Dreams: A Reader In Modern Political Ideologies. (CQ Press; 3 edition, 2005) How to cite Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism, Essay examples

Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism Free Essays

Struggle between liberal and conservative tendencies is, perhaps, the key element for understanding the political life of the west in the last three centuries. So, in order to understand this struggle one needs to understand what are the core ideas of liberalism and conservatism. This paper aims to investigate some of the most prominent example of liberal and conservative political thought. We will write a custom essay sample on Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism or any similar topic only for you Order Now The first basic ideas of liberalism have been explained by John Locke, who explained that â€Å"Adam had not, either by natural right of fatherhood, or by positive donation from God, any such authority over his children, or dominion over the world, as is pretended† (1. 84). Later the state of natural freedom has been replaced by different forms of unjust oppression, and freedom can be restored only by agreement of free individuals making a civil society.   In the world of monarchism this idea sounded revolutionary, but was still far from practical application. Liberal concepts gained much popularity between the Founding Fathers of the United States, as well as later American publicists. Among others they have been explained and practically developed in the Federalist Papers. For example in Paper 51 James Madison investigated the system of checks and balances as a foundation for independent and responsible state power and a guarantee of reservation of liberty and against usurpation. The source of power for Madison is not God or king, for â€Å"the supreme executive, legislative, and judiciary magistracies should be drawn from the same fountain of authority, the people, through channels having no communication whatever with one another† (1. 118). However, liberalism concerns not only the formation of political power, but relations inside the society as well. British philosopher Thomas Hill Green in 1861 wrote about â€Å"the liberation of the powers of all men equally for contributions to a common good† (1.132). And so paradoxically liberalism restricts some forms of civil transaction such as trade of slaves or, for example, those, which jeopardize public health. Liberalism is understood as general state of freedom in the society, which is limited only by freedom of the others and the function of the state in such society is only to protect freedom and never exercise more power, than needed for the interests of liberal society. In contrast to liberalism, conservative ideas gained more popularity in the XIX century and were a sort of reaction to the spread of revolutionary ideas, especially after American and French revolutions, therefore, they have been aimed to limitation of liberalism. As explained by Michael Oakeshott, â€Å"adults who do not consider themselves under any obligation to justify their preferences for making their own choices; and that it is beyond human experience to suppose that those who rule are endowed with a superior wisdom† (1.193). Humans are week, and too much freedom is likely to corrupt the power and ruin the society. Oakeshott’s example is brutal but very persuasive: â€Å"we tolerate monomaniacs, it is our habit to do so; but why should we be ruled by them?† (1.194) Conservatism can be helpful at unstable times and conservative methods of rule like cutting tax rates in order to stimulate steady economic growth or taking control of the media may sometimes serve the public good. Liberalism and conservatism are therefore the two opposite political foundations, neither of which can be obviously preferred of disfavored. The application of liberal and conservative ideas is not a matter of principle, but a matter of current situation. Works Cited: 1. Nancy S. Love. And Dreams: A Reader In Modern Political Ideologies. (CQ Press; 3 edition, 2005) How to cite Core Ideas Of Liberalism and Conservatism, Essay examples

Internal and External Business Factors for Pepsi Co free essay sample

For example, in Russia, Frito Lay makes a red-caviar flavor potato chip; a biscuit with wheat and lentils as the main ingredient is only available in India; and PepsiCo manufactures beverages in China that contain Chinese medicinal herbs. In order to successfully prepare for global expansion, organizations must make certain changes to build a culturally diverse environment. It is essential to hire employees with international language skills. Financial resources will also be needed for travel, new promotional materials, or adapting an existing product to meet the needs of international consumers. The organizational structure of PepsiCo is also affected by global expansion. Six years ago, the company was comprised of two units: PepsiCo North America and PepsiCo International. It has now expanded into four sectors: PepsiCo Americas Beverages, PepsiCo Americas Foods, PepsiCo Europe, and PepsiCo Middle East and Africa. When expanding globally, it is important to choose managers who are culturally diverse with the sales, marketing, finance, and human resources departments. We will write a custom essay sample on Internal and External Business Factors for Pepsi Co or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page To achieve this, PepsiCo created the Talent Sustainability Leadership Council, which oversees programs related to engagement, diversity, compliance and safety. It also developed the Global Diversity and Inclusion Councils in all four continents of PepsiCo’s International businesses. Technology For several years, PepsiCo has been using technology to make a difference throughout their organization, the community and the environment. This was accomplished with technological advances such as interactive vend technology, ‘Green’ refrigeration technology, and various apps that help PepsiCo connect with consumers and provide job opportunities to entrepreneurs (â€Å"Press Releases†, 2011). According to Bonin Bough, PepsiCo’s Director of Digital and Social Media, PepsiCo realizes â€Å"the lifeblood of innovation lies with the emerging technologies†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and uses that realization to aid the company in surviving in today’s market, by asking â€Å"how can we begin to understand how to bring those into our business in an impactful way? † (Way, 2011) Mr. Bough, also noted that PepsiCo utilizes emerging technology by partnering with start-ups rather than acquiring them by launching PepsiCo10 in 2010. PepsiCo10 is an â€Å"innovation incubator† that sought out to select 10 emerging technology start-ups and pair them with PepsiCo brands and launch pilot programs nationwide (Exploring The Future Of Digital, 2012). The following years, PepsiCo took PepsiCo10 overseas; to include Europe and Brazil, in their search for innovating technology. By partnering up with entrepreneurs and searching for technological advances, PepsiCo has continued to grow successfully as an organization, not only with the brands they produce, but by having an impact on its community worldwide. In 2011, this organization partnered with Cambridge University to co-develop i-Cropâ„ ¢, a system that was trialed in various potato fields throughout the United Kingdom, from whom potatoes were acquired to produce their potato chip brands. The i-Cropâ„ ¢ system measures the moisture in the fields, collects local weather conditions, and uses software to help farmers determine where to apply water and how much to use (â€Å"i-Cropâ„ ¢Ã¢â‚¬ , 2012). During its trial run, this technology helped farmers use 8% less water and grow 13% more potatoes. In 2012, PepsiCo was awarded the Stockholm Industry Water Award for introducing the â€Å"revolutionary technology† for sustainable agriculture. Technology has had a major impact on how PepsiCo has moved forward as an organization. PepsiCo has learned to use emerging technology in a positive manner and for the benefit of the organization and its community; making it a successful company that has been around for a long time, thanks to effective management. Innovation PepsiCo is always looking for new innovations to expand their product line into other countries. One way PepsiCo is doing this is by enlisting the owner of the world’s best restaurant, Ferran Adria (PepsiCo, 2012). Adria has worked with PepsiCo to create new flavors of food that will help the company to provide healthier products and flavors from around the world (PepsiCo, 2012). With the growing of flavors and products, they have made an impact in China. The potato chip flavors of Lays, which is part of the PepsiCo brands, have expanded to invoke the taste of Asian countries (Feature Interview, 2012); there are around 22 different brands of food and beverages (Feature Interview, 2012). Some of the flavors of chips are cucumber, ice lemon tea flavors and hot and sour fish soup and seaweed (PepsiCo Opens, 2012). When it comes to beverage flavors, it ranges from sour plum and peach (PepsiCo Opens, 2012). There have even been new ideas for Quaker Oats that have new ingredients from the country; ingredients involve red dates, wolfberry, and white fungus (PepsiCo Opens, 2012). There have been changes with beverages in the United States, where the company wanted to refresh the taste of a few drinks (Pepsi Refreshes, 2012). Those drinks were Pepsi Natural, Pepsi Throwback and Mountain Dew Throwback, which were all made with natural sugars (Pepsi Refreshes, 2012); Pepsi Natural is naturally made, with no artificial ingredients (Pepsi Refreshes, 2012). The two throwback drinks were to allow those who have had it, in the ‘60s and ‘70s, to experience it once again and for those that have not tasted it before, to taste a new twist on Pepsi (Pepsi Refreshes, 2012). A new idea for the PepsiCo is the Social Vending System (PepsiCo Introduces, 2012). This system is touch screen that has interactive technology (PepsiCo Introduces, 2012). Though it is still a prototype, it allows people to gift a friend and have the gift delivered by using a phone number or text messages (PepsiCo Introduces, 2012). This gives people who received the gift to return the favor or give someone else a gift to continue the cycle (PepsiCo Introduces, 2012). With this product the PepsiCo wants their consumers to be creative and to be engaging with the brands of the company (PepsiCo Introduces, 2012). Diversity According to the Pepsi Company’s website, one of the company’s mottos is â€Å"Together We Win† (PepsiCo, n. . ). This company embraces cultural diversity externally and internally. This company does not serve just the United States of America, but countries all over the world. PepsiCo has become a force to be reckoned with, since embracing the different cultures. To make sure PepsiCo promotes diversity inside and out, the company provides a survey for its employees and its customers. From 2004 to 2009, the company had seen an internal increase of diversity input from employees; this increase went from 66% to 80% in five years. The company’s diversity has also won many acknowledgments and awards, such as being included in Black Enterprise’s 40 companies with diversity (PepsiCo, n. d. ). The Pepsi Company appreciates the diverse population who enjoys its products. So-much-so that Pepsi has created an ethnic advisory board. The creation of this board has brought great success to Pepsi. The board’s main goal is to advise on external viewpoints to help serve diversity all over the world (PepsiCo, n. d. ). The company has embraced the importance of diversity, and without it, Pepsi would not have been able to produce the level of success that the company has seen. Ethics Ethics play a big part in the way a business operates; most companies develop a code of ethics that is business specific. When ethics are practiced inside the business, this code of ethics often helps employees to uphold the standards set in place, which also helps the business to operate in an acceptable ethical manner. In March 2013, the Ethisphere Institute named PepsiCo one the world’s most ethical companies. The Ethisphere Institute recognizes companies that go beyond making statements about doing business ethically and translates those words into action. PepsiCo, 2012). PepsiCo has made the list the last seven years, which is also the length the Ethisphere Institute has been putting out this list. In order for managers of PepsiCo to operate their business the most ethical way they can, they must follow the four functions of management. The company makes or changes a plan that will help it to follow its ethical values. The plans are organized by collecting informat ion to show employees which direction they need to move toward. The company, then, leads its employees by giving them the code of conduct. The code of conduct is not only a piece of paper, but also it is PepsiCo’s way to motivate its employees to be the best it can while working for the company. The company controls the goal by monitoring what employees are doing and what the company does to make sure they are following the organization’s ethical values. PepsiCo has a Global Code of Conduct that employees and the company follow. The Global Code of Conduct states â€Å"We believe acting ethically and responsibly is not only the right thing to do, but also the right thing to do for our business† (PepsiCo, 2012). The PepsiCo code of conduct is updated almost yearly to address changing laws that affect the business. The code of conduct is designed to provide employees with specific guidance on how to act ethically, while working for PepsiCo. PepsiCo states, â€Å"Our code remains our roadmap and compass for doing business the right way† (PepsiCo. , 2012). Recently, PepsiCo showed that it follows the code of conduct by cutting ties with a famous rapper that was to promote one of their products, due to the offensive reference he made in one of his songs; the reference was in regard to a civil rights martyr Emmett Till. PepsiCo said in a statement that â€Å"offensive reference to a revered civil rights icon does not reflect the values of our brand (Yahoo News, 2013). With PepsiCo cutting ties with this rapper, it showed that the values the company believes in are more important than having a famous person promote one of its products. PepsiCo has always said, â€Å"We believe that being a responsible corporate citizen is not only the right thing to do, but the right thing to do for our business† (PepsiCo. , 2012). Overall, when dealing or analyzing business plans it is very important to take into factor and consider both internal and external factors. Understanding and knowing how businesses evolve and operate on a consistent basis is crucial to the success and longevity of a company and organization. It is immensely important to understand and know how the external and internal factors both play a role and can possibly affect the organizations daily functions as well. When management and internal employees understand and know how each key role and functions processes work well for a company and organization then the short and long term goals can be met adequately.

Passed vs Past

Passed vs Past Passed vs Past Passed vs Past By Ali Hale Sandi from Inspiration for Writers wrote to ask: â€Å"Can you do a segment on Past vs. Passedif you havent already? Too many get these words mixed up.† Very happy to oblige, Sandi! Past – relates to location The word past locates something in time, and sometimes in space. It can be used as an adjective, noun, or adverb. Past as an adjective The first definition which the OED gives for past as an adjective is â€Å"Gone by in time; elapsed; done with; over.† For example: â€Å"The days for mourning are now past.† When attributed to a group of people, past can also mean â€Å"Having served ones term of office; former.† (OED) All past presidents of the United States were male. And in grammar, we have more examples of past being used as an adjective, such as in â€Å"past tense† and â€Å"past participle†. Past as a noun The main meaning for the noun form of past, given by the OED, is â€Å"The time that has gone by; a time, or all of the time, before the present.† In the past, standards were higher. â€Å"We cannot live in the past.† Past as a preposition As a preposition, past can mean: â€Å"Beyond in time; after; beyond the age for or time of; (in stating the time of day) so many minutes, or a quarter or half of an hour, after a particular hour.† (OED) It is almost half past five. It can also be used for location: â€Å"Beyond in place; further on than; at or on the further side of; to a point beyond.† (OED) My house is the one just past the turning. Past as an adverb The first meaning the OED cites for past being used as an adverb is â€Å"So as to pass or go by; by.† For example: The ball sped past the goalkeeper. Passed – a verb in the past tense Passed is the past participle of the verb â€Å"to pass†. It can be an intransitive verb (one which doesn’t require an object) or a transitive verb (one which requires both a subject and one or more objects). â€Å"To pass† means â€Å"To proceed, move forward, depart; to cause to do this.† (OED) This can refer to movement forwards in time, in space, or in life (such as â€Å"to pass an examination†). For example: The weeks passed quickly. (Intransitive: subject â€Å"the weeks† and no object). I passed all my exams! (Transitive: subject â€Å"I† and object â€Å"my exams†.) He passed the ball well during the match earlier. (Transitive: subject â€Å"He† and object â€Å"the ball†.) When do â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† get confused? Often, writers muddle the words past and passed in sentences such as: â€Å"The heroes passed a village on their way towards the mountains.† It’s common to see this written as: â€Å"The heroes past a village on their way towards the mountains.† But the word should be passed, as (in this sentence) it’s the past participle of the verb â€Å"to pass†. An easy way to tell is to rewrite the sentence in the present tense, as though you’re describing something which is happening currently: â€Å"The heroes pass a village on their way towards the mountains.† or â€Å"The heroes are passing a village on their way towards the mountains.† However, if you wrote: â€Å"The heroes walked past a village on their way towards the mountains.† It’s correct to use past. The verb in this sentence is â€Å"walked†, and the â€Å"past† is acting as an adverb. Unusual uses of the word â€Å"passed† Most of the time, passed is a verb, as described above. There are a few occasions when it can be used as a noun or an adjective, though. For example: â€Å"Don’t speak ill of the passed.† (noun) This comes from the phrase â€Å"passed-away†. â€Å"A passed pawn† (adjective) Term used in chess. â€Å"A passed ball† (adjective) Term used in baseball. â€Å"A passed midshipman/fireman/surgeon† (adjective) Someone who has passed a period of instruction and qualified through examination – apparently this usage arose in the navy. Have you come across any other unusual uses? Are there still any cases where you’re not sure whether to use passed or past? Share your examples with us in the comments below! Why Do People Confuse â€Å"Past† and â€Å"Passed†, Anyway? The words â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† are homonyms (or homophones): they sound alike, but they’re two different words. This makes it easy to confuse them when writing – just like people often confuse the words â€Å"there†, â€Å"their† and â€Å"they’re†. It doesn’t help that â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† have quite similar meanings, each referring to movement relating to a fixed point (in time, space, or even life). This means it’s a lot easier to muddle them up than it is with some other homonyms with very different meanings, like â€Å"blue† and â€Å"blew†. For a whole list of homonyms that commonly get confused, check out 25 Confused Homonym Pairs. Quick Rules of Thumb When Dealing With â€Å"Past† and â€Å"Passed† If you’re still struggling with â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed†, remember, â€Å"past† can’t be used as a verb. If you find it hard to identify a verb, try replacing â€Å"passed† with the words â€Å"went by†, and see if your sentence works: The heroes passed a village on their way towards the mountains. The heroes went by a village on their way towards the mountains. Time passed slowly that afternoon. Time went by slowly that afternoon. (This won’t work in every case – e.g. â€Å"He passed his exams† won’t sound right as â€Å"He went by his exams† – but it’ll help you a lot of the time.) Alternatively, as mentioned above, you can rewrite the sentence in the present tense, as though it’s happening right now. Right/Wrong Examples of the Use of Past and Passed Sometimes, it’s helpful to take a look at some examples so you can double-check if you’re using â€Å"past† and â€Å"passed† the right way: Right: He ran straight past the bus stop. (â€Å"Past† is acting as a preposition here and could be replaced with the word â€Å"by†) Wrong: He ran straight passed the bus stop. (â€Å"Passed† can’t be a preposition.) Right: He passed the bus stop on his run. (â€Å"Passed† is a past-tense verb here and could be replaced with â€Å"went by†.) Wrong: He past the bus stop on his run. (â€Å"Past† can’t be a verb.) Right: She passed the time by reading a novel. (Here, â€Å"passed† is a transitive verb and â€Å"time† is the direct object.) Wrong: She past the time by reading a novel. (â€Å"Past† can’t be a verb.) Right: It is past the time you should be home. (â€Å"Past† is a preposition here. You could replace it with â€Å"after† or â€Å"beyond†.) Wrong: It is passed the time you should be home. (â€Å"Passed† can’t be a preposition.) Hopefully this helps clear up any â€Å"past† vs â€Å"passed† confusion for you. Past vs Passed Quiz For each sentence, select whether past or passed is correct. 1. The time [past/passed] slowly that afternoon. passed past 2. If I had a time machine, Id rather travel to the future than the [past/passed]. passed past 3. The bus will arrive at half [past/passed] six. passed past 4. My friend [past/passed] all her exams. past passed Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:20 Types and Forms of HumorFor Sale vs. On SalePresent Participle as Adjective

3 Steps to Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas - CoSchedule

3 Steps to Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas A blank page. An empty content calendar. A lack of spontaneous creative inspiration. These three things together are a nerve-wracking recipe for stress and anxiety. Creative professionals are often used to working under tight deadlines though. For this reason, we mistakenly believe the pressure to be creative on-the-spot is just a fact of life; an occupational hazard, in a sense. We may even believe we thrive on this sort of chaos, thinking urgency helps produce better work. We’re here to tell you there’s a better way. On this episode of Overheard At , company co-founder Garrett Moon and blog manager Ben Sailer discuss our three-step process for generating tons of ideas fast. In fact, using this proven and repeatable method, you should be able to brainstorm a month’s worth of ideas in under an hour. This is the same process the team uses, and our own content marketing success shows it works. And it can work for you, too.3 Steps To Fill Your Marketing Calendar With Brilliant Ideas #OverheardAtSubscribe to receive videos in your inbox: //

A Real Career Opportunity in the Criminal Justice Field Essay

A Real Career Opportunity in the Criminal Justice Field - Essay Example There are many responsibilities of a real Crime Scene Investigator and it is not, always, like the ones you have seen on television. They have a very relevant and serious position to hold. They are expected to, generally, be available and on-call at all hours, 24 hours a day, when necessary. After all, crime scenes do not necessarily occur between the normal business hours of a typical work day.   They must aid detectives in securing the evidence from contamination, reconstructing events, gathering evidence, photographs, and making certain that  the evidence collected is sent to the correct locations for examination and analysis. A Crime Scene Investigator is, also, required to have strong communication skills, ability to remain composed, and a heightened sense of organization. They are, on occasion, asked to testify in court should the cases they are involved with go to trial. Becoming a Crime Scene Investigator requires a background in criminal justice is important and further education.. However, finding the training needed is available at a large number of schools, as the popularity of the field increased over the last decade.    A Bachelors Degree is attainable and with so much potential growth the education is abundantly worthwhile. Crime Scene Investigation offers a promising income with room for increase and future growth. The United States average for the yearly earnings of Crime Scene Investigator is, approximately, $51,570, which averages to be, just shy of, $25 per hour. In fairness, a new, freshly graduated, CSI would make somewhat less, dependent upon location, with the potential of promotions, as well as, a greater income. The statistics show that there are anticipated career opportunities as a Crime Scene Investigator, along with other positions within the forensic science fields, that will increase, at least, 19% between 2010 and 2020.("Forensic science technicians," 2012) This offers a lot of potential for current students within the fie ld that there is the likelihood that after they have graduated there will still be a steady demand for those graduates with these skills. In this troubled economic time and the continuing United States unemployment crisis, which many people are still suffering through, a future with continuing growth and opportunity is encouraging. There is, also, another advantage to entering the field during its heightened popularity, is that the field will change as technology and the sciences change. Participating in the field now is a wonderful chance to be involved in those changes and possess the most current, advanced, and needed skills within the field. Granted, that Crime Scene Investigation has a lot to offer as a career, but it does have one, particular, negative element that is its only real drawback.

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Research Paper

Legal and Ethical Aspects of Electronic Monitoring and Surveillance of Employees - Research Paper Example Electronic monitoring has been defined as "the computerized collection, storage, analysis, and reporting of information about employees productive activities" (Office of Technology Assessment, 1987). Employee monitoring has become much easier with the advent of new and cheap technologies. Electronic Monitoring and surveillance includes practices such as video and audio surveillance, monitoring employees’ usage of computer that includes checking of email, computer files and sometimes even keystroke speed. There are many reasons for instituting monitoring and surveillance. According to the American Management Association some of the main reasons are: performance evaluation, compliance with federal and local laws, protection against legal liability and cost control of the use of company phone and internet. Security and protection of business information can be cited as other reasons. There are several types of employee monitoring and surveillance systems. The most commonly used are 1)computer monitoring :With the help of computer monitoring systems an employer can check an employee’s speed and accuracy, monitor the number of errors, the number of jobs done, time spent away from computer. This information can then be used by the employer to maintain records of an employee’s performance and to set performance standards 2) Video surveillance: Employers use these systems to track employee theft, and wastage of time 3) Phone tapping: This is the most common method of monitoring used by employers. Here the number of calls, the frequency, the length and destination of the calls are all recorded. This information is then used to detect if an employee is passing on critical information about the organization to outsiders and to train employees for better customer service. 4) E-mail and Voice Mail tracking: In some workplaces employers monitor an employees e -mail and voice mail. With the help of new technologies, employers can easily track